Formation of Indicative verb
(Augment +) Stem + (Tense formative +) Connecting vowel + Personal ending, where the parts in brackets are used in some cases.
The Greek Indicative
The indicative verb provides informaion from the presepctive of the writer or speaker. The voice indicates the relationship between the subject and the verb:
- Active voice: the subject is doing the action: The boy patted the cat
- Middle voice: the subject is participating in the results of the action. This is somewhat different from English: He is teaching the truth (διδάσκεται τὴν ἀλήθειαν)
- Passive voice: the subject receives the action: The boy was patted by the cat
Notes on verbal rules
Primary endings: Unagmented tenses, Indicative present, future and perfect
Secondary endings: Augmented tenses, Indicative imperfect, aorist and pluperfect
Alternative endings: μι verbs use alternative endings
Augments: imperfect, aorist and plup[erfect, but not if non-indicative
Reduplication: perfect and present. If with ε then perfect, if ι then μι verb
Tense formatives: often use an ε in the 3rd singular: 1st aorist active/middle (σε), liqued (ε), perfect (κε)
Connecting vowels (ο/ε): present, imperfect, future, second aorist and participles
Contract vowels: contract i the present and imperfect, else lengthen, contractions occur in liquid futures
Primary active 3rd plural: ν will usually drop out
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Indicative Verb Paradigm using λύω or λειπω
Present Indicative
Tense |
Active |
Middle |
Passive |
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am/is/are loosing |
loose for self/selves |
am/is/are being loosed |
1st s |
λύω |
λύομαι |
λύομαι |
2nd s |
λύεις |
λύῃ |
λύῃ |
3rd s |
λύει |
λύεται |
λύεται |
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1st pl |
λύομεν |
λυόμεθα |
λυόμεθα |
2nd pl |
λὐετε |
λύεσθε |
λύεσθε |
3rd pl |
λύουσι |
λύονται |
λύονται |
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Imperfect Indicative
Tense |
Active |
Middle |
Passive |
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was/were/loosing |
was/were loosing
for self/selves |
was/were being loosed |
1st s |
ἔλυον |
ἐλυὀμην |
ἐλυὀμην |
2nd s |
ἔλυες |
ἐλύου |
ἐλύου |
3rd s |
ἔλυε |
ἐλύετο |
ἐλύετο |
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1st pl |
ἐλύομεν |
ἐλυόμεθα |
ἐλυόμεθα |
2nd pl |
ἐλύετε |
ἐλύεσθε |
ἐλύεσθε |
3rd pl |
ἔλυον |
ἐλύοντο |
ἐλύοντο |
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Future Indicative
Tense |
Active |
Middle |
Passive |
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shall/will loose |
shall/will loose for self/selves |
shall/will be loosed |
1st s |
λὐσω |
λὐσομαι |
λυθήσομαι |
2nd s |
λύσεις |
λύσῃ |
λυθήσῃ |
3rd s |
λύσει |
λύσεται |
λυθήσεται |
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1st pl |
λύσομεν |
λυσόμεθα |
λυθησόμεθα |
2nd pl |
λὐσετε |
λύσεσθε |
λυθήσεσθε |
3rd pl |
λύσουσι |
λύσονται |
λυθήσονται |
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Aroist Indicative
Tense |
Active |
Middle |
Passive |
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loosed |
loosed for self/selves |
was/were loosed |
1st s |
ἔλυσα |
ἐλυσάμην |
ἐλύθην |
2nd s |
ἔλυσας |
ἐλύσω |
ἐλύθης |
3rd s |
ἔλυσε |
ἐλύσατο |
ἐλύθη |
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1st pl |
ἐλύσαμεν |
ἐλυσάμεθα |
ἐλύθημεν |
2nd pl |
ἐλύσατε |
ἐλύσασθε |
ἐλύθητε |
3rd pl |
ἔλυσαν |
ἐλύσαντο |
ἐλύθησαν |
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2nd Aorist Indicative
Tense |
Active |
Middle |
Passive |
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left |
left for self/selves |
was/were left |
1st s |
ἔλιπον |
ἐλιπόμην |
ἐλίπθην |
2nd s |
ἔλιπες |
ἐλίπου |
ἐλίπθης |
3rd s |
ἔλιπε(ν) |
ἐλίπετο |
ἐλίπθη |
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1st pl |
ἐλίπομεν |
ἐλιπόμεθα |
ἐλίπθημεν |
2nd pl |
ἐλίπετε |
ἐλίπεσθε |
ἐλίπθητε |
3rd pl |
ἔλιπον |
ἐλίποντο |
ἐλίπθησαν |
λειπω to leave, to fail be absent, lack |
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NOTE WELL: These pages do not replace texts by professional Greek Scholars. They are a summary of basic grammar for use by the Author. The Author makes no warranties of any kind, either express or implied, as to the accuracy or completement of the information provided.
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